the Major Project: Internet of things (IOT)

introduction:

After the great progress of the Internet. It has become a necessity for its presence in all areas and has become a base for any project to succeed. This gave us a new concept that facilitates our daily life and enables us to control all the devices around us, and this is what is called the internet of things.

definition

IoT is communication between a group of devices. It can be used by giving orders connected to the Internet in most cases or limited cloud services. These devices differ as they can be anything capable of connecting to the Internet or any device that can process orders, starting from a small lamp or a faucet to a small factory or an entire building. The technology of the Internet of things is in connecting several devices with each other to the Internet, and that is through wires, or they are mentioned in most cases. Connecting all devices in a single network helps to coordinate their work and make it easier and gives them the priority to do work in less time and with better quality. With the capabilities of communication with artificial intelligence to control everything through a computer or even by voice commands (Pate et al, 2016)

IoT devices 

It basically depends on two things to transform a normal device into IoT smart device. They are:

1. The device can connect to the internet in any way.
2. The device is integrated with technology like sensors, functional software, and some inbuilt technology that supports network connections, and also actuators.  (Pate et al, 2016)

Examples of IoT devices 

There are several top devices in the market. Smart Mobiles, smart refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, smart bicycles, medical sensors, fitness trackers, smart security systems, etc., are a few examples of IoT products. (Pate et al, 2016)

The IoT timeline:

The Internet of Things first appeared in the 1990s when John Romkey creates the first smart toaster that could be controlled from the internet. He showcased his invention at the INTER-OP conference. but the story of it was thereafter The Beginning of Long-Distance Communication and this timeline will show and explain the main points in the IoT history (Suresh, P, et al, 2014).

(auteur's  work)

The Future of IoT:(Rifkin, J., 2014).

Some experts project that over 75 billion IoT devices will be connected to the internet in 2025. While no one knows the exact number, we can all agree that the IoT industry will continue to grow and morph with continued innovation. With such rapid growth in just over 20 years, there is no telling what the next 5 years could bring to the IoT industry.

Advantages Of IoT Devices:(Brous, et al,2020)

 There are several advantages of these smart devices and some of them are given below:

• IoT encourages the interaction between devices called as a machine to machine interaction.
• It provides good automation and control.
• Integrated with more technical information, it is better to operate.
• IoT possesses strong monitoring features.
• It saves a lot of time.
• IoT helps to save more money by reducing manual tasks and time.
• Automating daily life tasks makes good monitoring of devices.
• Increased efficiency and time-saving.

Disadvantages (Brous, et al,2020)

Though there are several advantages, there are certain disadvantages too.

Enlisted below are the various demerits:

• Internet of Things devices does not have any international compatibility standard.
• They may become highly complex resulting in failure.
• Internet of Things devices may get affected by privacy and security breach.
• Reduced safety for users.
• Reduction in the employment of manual tasks thus resulting in job reductions.
• Internet of Things devices may take control of life in due course of time with increasing AI technology.

How does IoT work and what makes them smart devices?

It basically depends on two things to transform a normal device into IoT smart device.

They are:

1. The device can connect to the internet in any way.
2. The device is integrated with technology like sensors, functional software, and some inbuilt technology that supports network connections and also actuators.

When both these functionalities are combined together an IoT device is formed. Earlier only simple watches were only used to see the time and date, but now the smart IoT watches allow a user to see heartbeat rate, calorie count, steps walked, etc...

The market for IoT devices is expanding rapidly day by day and becoming more popular as well with the drastic increase in the number of users who use them daily.

the cost of IoT devices:

If you’re looking to create a custom IoT solution, there are two routes you can take: design a device from the ground up or enhance non-electronic/analog objects with sensors.

How much does it cost to build custom IoT hardware?

The price of building a custom device depends on the type, functionality, and complexity of your IoT solution and may amount to 70-80% of the total Internet of Things project costs.

The custom hardware/firmware design process spans several stages:

1. Analysis.
2. Design.
3. Prototyping.
4. Testing. 
5. Mass production. 

Overall, The honest answer is, “It depends”

A self-learning smart home system with facial recognition capabilities may cost up to $5 million (hardware and software costs included).

The price of building a custom ECG tracker that analyzes the electrical signals of a human body and measures how well your heart works could reach $ 300,000— but there are additional IoT development costs you should be aware of.

Hardware certification

Certification is often considered one of the major factors behind the cost of IoT hardware.

Although the Internet of Things regulations differs from country to country, they usually encompass the following categories:

• Environment and electrical safety. 
• Communication protocols. 
• Electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference. 

According to Entrepreneur, the price of a certificate for a simple electronic gadget (including devices that rely on wireless connectivity) starts from $10,000.(Rifkin, J., 2014)

 IoT Tools:

(IEEE, 2018)

the language used in the internet of things

  C is generally considered the key programming language for embedded IoT devices, while C++ is the most common choice for more complex Linux implementations. Python, meanwhile, is well suited for data-intensive applications. Here is the list of programming languages that are best for IoT development.(González García, et al,2019)

the reference list:

2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/iot-devices/> [Accessed 4 May 2022].

Suresh, P., Daniel, J.V., Parthasarathy, V. and Aswathy, R.H., 2014, November. A state of the art review on the Internet of Things (IoT) history, technology, and fields of deployment. In 2014 International conference on science engineering and management research (ICSEMR) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.

Brous, P., Janssen, M. and Herder, P., 2020. The dual effects of the Internet of Things (IoT): A systematic review of the benefits and risks of IoT adoption by organizations. International Journal of Information Management, 51, p.101952.

Rifkin, J., 2014. The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. St. Martin's Press.

Dias, J.P., Couto, F., Paiva, A.C. and Ferreira, H.S., 2018, April. A brief overview of existing tools for testing the internet of things. In the 2018 IEEE international conference on software testing, verification, and validation workshops (ICSTW) (pp. 104-109). IEEE.

González García, C., Núñez Valdéz, E.R., García Díaz, V., Pelayo García-Bustelo, B.C. and Cueva Lovelle, J.M., 2019. A review of artificial intelligence in the internet of things. International Journal Of Interactive Multimedia And Artificial Intelligence, 5.

Patel, K.K. and Patel, S.M., 2016. Internet of things-IOT: definition, characteristics, architecture, enabling technologies, application & future challenges. International journal of engineering science and computing, 6(5).